2006年考研英语暑期讲义—

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　　第一部分：写作翻译

　　SECTION ONE

　　1. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil’s technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child’s deep feelings.

　　2. They have the wisdom that comes with age that we cannot make use of.

　　3. The first time that the question “ What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.

　　4. It is not unusual for a child to have four parents and eight grandparents!

　　5. Neither, in the case of chicken, can one eat feathers, blood, feet or head.

　　6. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without government, I should not hesitate a moment prefer the latter.

　　7. It was to Brad Pitt of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter.

　　8. The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again.

　　SECTION TWO

　　1. have none of: 不参加；不准；不接受

　　I will have none of your stupid ideas!

　　2. none but (=nothing but): 只有 (=only)

　　None but the brave deserves the fair.

　　She is nothing but a child.

　　3. none other than: （表示惊讶）不是别人，正是…… (= no one else but)

　　It’s none other than Tom! We thought you were in Africa.

　　4. none the +比较级词+ for: 毫不，一点也不

　　He spent three weeks in hospital but he’s none the better for it.

　　5. none the wiser: 不知情

　　6. none too (在形容词或副词前) 不太；一点都不

　　The service in this restaurant is none too fast. 这家旅馆的服务一点效率都没有。

　　7. anything but: ①除---之外什么都（此处的but等于except）②决不(=not at all)

　　I eat anything but (except) fish.

　　She is anything but a good cook..

　　8. anything of: ①（疑问句/条件句）一点点；②（否定句）一点也（没有）

　　Is he anything of a poet?

　　I haven’t seen anything of him lately.

　　9. for anything: (否定句)（给什么都）不，决不

　　I won’t go there for anything.

　　10. or anything: （意味着还有其他的可能性）

　　If Jeneffer wants to call me or anything, I’ll be here all day.

　　11. if anything: 若有任何不同的话

　　If anything, my new job is harder than my old one.

　　12. or something: 或什么的（表示说话者不能肯定）

　　She is a stewardess or something.

　　13. something like: 有点像，大约

　　The reading lamp is shaped something like a cigar.

　　14. something of a...: 多少有点，有几分像，略懂

　　John is something of a book collector.

　　15. something to / in: （叙述等）有些道理

　　There’s something to / in what you say; I’ll take your advice.

　　16. have / be something to do with: 与……有关

　　I think Weber had / was something to do with a plan to blow up the bridge.

　　17. for nothing: ①免费的； ②徒劳的； ③无缘无故的

　　She got the ticket for nothing.

　　They quarreled for nothing.

　　18. make nothing of: (常和can一起用)不理解；不重视,轻视 (= think nothing of)

　　I could make nothing of the passage.

　　19. to say nothing of: 更不用说（= not to mention / without mentioning）

　　Three people were badly hurt, to say nothing of damage to the building.

　　20. have nothing to do with: 与……无关

　　21. nothing if not: 格外地；非常地 (= very / much / extremely)

　　22. nothing of: 无……的部分；无……的气质

　　There was nothing of the lady in her behavior.

　　23. all but 几乎，差一点，除……以外其余都是

　　24. but for要不是

　　25. but that+从句：若不是……

　　26. only + to do: “……，结果却……”，(表示与句子谓语动作的目的相反的结果)

　　They hurried there only to find the meeting canceled.

　　27. not more / -er than 与 no more / -er than 结构

　　John is not better than Tom.

　　John is no better than Tom.

　　no richer than = as poor as 和……一样穷

　　no bigger than = as small as 和……一样小

　　no later than = as early as 和……一样早

　　28. no more...than... (= not...any more than) 和……—样都不……(表示前后都否定)

　　The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.

　　A man cannot fly any more than a bird can speak.

　　29. no less than : 简直是，实在是

　　It is no less than a scandal.

　　30. not nearly (=by no means，far from) 远不

　　31. much less/still less

　　to say nothing of/not to speak of/not to mention/let alone: 更不用说

　　I could not agree to, much less participate in such proceedings.

　　I did not even see him, still less (= much less) shake hands with him.

　　I can't add two and two, let alone do fractions.

　　32. nothing else than 完全是，实在是

　　What you said was nothing else than nonsense.

　　33. not …but…不是……，而是……

　　34. can not...too... 再……也不过分

　　You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.

　　35. other...than... 或other than... 不同于，非；除了

　　36. ... the last + n. + 不定式或定语从句：意为“…最不可能的……”

　　That's the last thing I'd expect you to do.

　　37. It goes without saying that．．．不言而喻，……

　　It goes without saying that in order to speak good English, we must first of all learn words.

　　38. It is common knowledge that… 众所周知，……

　　It is common knowledge now that Chinese people are very intelligent.

　　38. It occurs to sb. that… (某人) 想起……

　　It occurred to me suddenly that I had met him somewhere.

　　39 . ... not so much...... as (but) ... 与其说……还不如说……

　　.... not so much that.....as (but) that...... 与其说……还不如说……

　　. ... not so much as..... (=not even) 甚至于不……，连……也不……

　　... might as well ... as..... 与其说……还不如说……

　　40. more ... than ...

　　Sunny is more beautiful than her sister.

　　George is more intelligent than aggressive.

　　John is less daring than quick-witted.

　　Tom was less intelligent than aggressive.

　　SECTION THREE

　　启

　　1) With the rapid improvement in.../growing awareness of..., more and more.../sth....

　　2) Recently, sth./the problem of...has been brought to popular attention/ has become the focus of public concern. A

　　3) One of the universal issues we are faced with/that cause increasing concern is that...

　　4) In the past few years, there has been a boom/sharp growth/decline in.. .

　　5) Nowadays, more/most important/dangerous for our society is...

　　6) According to the information given in the table/graph, we can find that...

　　7) As can be seen from the table/graph/figure, there is a marked increase /decline/favorable (an unfavorable) change in...

　　8) As we can see from the table/graph/figure above, drastic/considerable/ great changes have taken place in...over the period of time from...(年份)to...( 年份)

　　9) The table/graph shows that there is a(n) declining/increasing trend of ...from...(年份) to...(年份)

　　10) Anyone who takes a closer look at the data in the table/graph can be surprised to find that...

　　11) It is a traditional practice to...in our society.

　　12) It has long been considered only right and proper to...(in China.)

　　13) As things usually go against sb.'s will, his original intention was to...

　　14) The current situation of..., if approached from the opposite angle, reveals that...

　　15) Everything about...seems (not) to be getting on smoothly/just as one wishes in...

　　16) To sb.'s mind/In sb.'s eye(s), sth. seems/means...

　　17) No one would deny that.../Everyone would agree that...

　　18) When it comes to...(sth.), most people (the public) maintain(s)/contend(s) that...

　　19) Now it is widely believed that...

　　20) A public debate has arisen as to/over/concerning...

　　21) All that sth. has done for our society seems like a big step forward in the right/wrong direction, but it has also brought along with a great worry /benefit to...(the average people.)

　　22) The birth/invention of...has made an enormous/essential difference to ...But it does not mean that...

　　23) Sth. has changed the way our society develops....But its bright side should not keep us from following closely its dark side.

　　(sth.: the genetic engineering, etc.)

　　24) Things about...are going on to our advantage, but a long cool look at ...reveals that...

　　25) No/Little doubt that...But...

　　26) What does sth. mean?

　　27) How/Why does sth. affect our life?

　　28) What is it like to do...?

　　29) What would our society be like if there were no...?

　　30) Should we put sth. above sth. else?/Should we attach as much weight to A as to B?

　　31) Sth. is often referred to as/defined as...

　　32) (Doing) Sth. is just the same as.../is compared to.../is likened to.. ./is like...

　　33) Sth. is to...what sth. else is to...

　　34) To/For/With most people/sb., sth. is/means...

　　35) Sth. is the symbol/mark/equivalent of.../is symbolic of.../is equivalent to...

　　36) Suppose/Imagine that.../Let's suppose/assume/imagine (that)...

　　37) We often find ourselves caught/involved in a dilemma whether...

　　38) If/In case/In the event that..., it is better to.../a better course is to.../sb. has no choice/option/alternative but to.../all we want to know is ho w...

　　39) Unfortunately, sth. may affect sb.'s life to the point where...

　　40) In our life, there often appears such an occasion when.../on which... (或it often happens that...)

　　41) “...” That is how one of the great minds/scientists/writers remarked on...

　　42) One of the great sociologists/psychologists has said:“...”

　　43) “...” Such is the accurate exposition/exposure of...frequently over heard in public.

　　44) How often nowadays we hear such remarks/complaints/words as this “...” or “...”!

　　45) One of the great men once said that...

　　46) Once in a newspaper/magazine, I hit upon the report that...

　　47) One day, I happened to witness the incident as follows:...

　　48) The scientific studies/statistics show/indicate that...

　　49) Every weekend it can be seen sb. go about...

　　承

　　1) To prevent this phenomenon/trend from worsening/running wide/To guide the matter/situation to the best advantage, it is necessary/important to...

　　2) In the face of...some people take the position that.../some people come to believe that..., to which I can't attach/add my consent.

　　3) Although lots of people follow the fashion/trend, I still set my heart on...

　　4) To get a sense of how...we must turn first to causes for it/to what benefit (harm/problems/difference) it has brought to our society.

　　5) This is a (n) favorable/unfavorable/unhealthy/essential/marked/grateful change/tendency/situation, but factors/causes/reasons for it are not hard to find(或but its appearance/existence derives from a variety of factors).

　　6) The progress/improvement/change(s) in...is(are) really tremendous/remarkable/prodigious/marvelous, so it is necessary to understand (see) what it (they) illustrate (s)/prove(s)/account(s) for.

　　7) A comparison between these changes may be a good way to learn more about...

　　8) More insight/inspiration/truth/thought can be deduced from these changes.

　　9) This situation/phenomenon/trend/tendency is rather distressing/disturb ing/depressing/heart-rending, for the opposite of it is just in line with our wishes/just what is to be expected.

　　10) This is what we are unwilling to see, so some way must be found out to...

　　11) A further/deeper analysis/study/exposure of.../A further comparison between...can reveal more about.../can show us more ways to...(how to...)

　　12) If you push the analysis/study/argument/comparison/exposure further, you will see that...

　　13) The same is true of many cases in life.

　　14) Now, let's see what would happen to...in this case/light(或in different conditions/circumstances).

　　15) Perhaps, it is ideal/high/ripe time for us to tackle/handle/answer/take up the question in no half-hearted manner.

　　16) If/When adopted to account for/define/expose..., it can come in different meanings.

　　17) Our life abounds with examples in point./The truth in the definition goes for/is applicable to many cases in our life.

　　18) Once/If hit/cursed/overwhelmed with such troubles/straits/matters, you'd better/I would (not) do something about them to find your/my way out.

　　19) If this is true/the case, what accounts for such an issue:...

　　20) If that remark still holds water now, the situation (trend/phenomenon) in question should make us ponder about what harm/benefit/influence it will bring to us/about how it will affect our society.

　　21) His voice arouses echoes among people of insight, who have come up with some practical measures.

　　22) His/Her story is not unusual/rare, it is typical of thousands of people who are following his/her lead, so some people have abundant reason to ask how this came into being/how this will affect our future life/what measures should be taken to cope with it.

　　23) The results of this survey/questionnaire have aroused/drawn nationwide / public attention/concern, which is why some great efforts are being made by our government/society.

　　24) What this survey reveals is cold and hard, so the top priority task f or us to set about is to...

　　25) Most people have realized the seriousness/potential of what this survey exposes, so...

　　26) When adopted to define different things/people, sth. comes in a variety of flavors/tastes/meanings/values/senses. A

　　转

　　1) It is true/There is no need to deny that...But it does not mean...

　　2) Although it is widely believed that..., it can not stand close/cold scrutiny/analysis/examination.

　　3) Admittedly/True/Obviously/Indeed, the issue in question. ... But one basic/vital fact is being left out of our analysis/consideration, namely/that is,...

　　4) Those in favor of the issue in question argue/contend/hold/maintain/claim that...But what they fail to consider/analyze/see/find out is that...

　　5) Superficially/On the surface/At first glance(thought)/In appearance, the issue in question seems...But in fact(on second thoughts/on close examination/in substance),...

　　6) But many people feel puzzled about/perplexed at/over whelmed with...(the changes/situation), so this essay is intended to...

　　7) Some (people) argue/claim/believe/hold that... But others set (put) forth a different argument about/oppositive views on the matter in question.

　　8) Fortunately, however, more and more people come/begin to realize that ...

　　9) Unfortunately, things have worsened/come/developed to the point where ...

　　10) But have you ever stopped to think what/how/why...?

　　11) Some take the view that...And/But on the other hand, others argue for the opposite view that...

　　12) If we take a further/colder/closer look at this problem/matter, however, more secrets/grounds/chances/ways will be found out for...

　　13) But this (dis)agreement ceases to exist as soon as...

　　14) Some (people) respond/react to...by...But others behave/act in the other direction/in the opposite way.

　　15) To be frank, I have turned the question over and over in my mind, but found no reason to sidestep it; so here are my ways to.../my reasons for...

　　16) I was once cursed/perplexed/seized with this question, but I have forged/made my own way out of it.

　　17) People from different backgrounds, however, put different interpretations on the same thing.

　　18) But different people hold completely different views as to its nature.

　　19) If it is intended for..., however, the divergence of outlook on it ceases to continue while a new meaning to it begins to stand out.

　　20) In that case, however, I prefer to...rather than...

　　21) (Un)Fortunately, there are still some people who act in the other way around.

　　22) I was once caught/stuck in the same situation/context, but I managed to lift myself out of it.

　　23) When exposed to/subject to the same conditions/challenge/choice, however, different people tend to behave in different ways.

　　24) Some (people) advocate/endorse/favor/are for (或oppose/object to/are against)... Yet others stick to/hold on to/cling to the opposite views/argument/points.

　　25) His view is voiced by more and more people, but finds no echo in my heart.

　　26) His/Her case is not unique, and now more and more...(But...)

　　27) Such a dilemma/problem/condition we often run into in our life, but the basic question is how to cope with it/but all we need to do is how to approach it.

　　28) This case has aroused echoes throughout the country, with more and mo r e people following its lead, but ideas about it vary widely/is there anything serious it has reflected?

　　29) With/For different people/things, however, sth. is open to different interpretations/tastes/connotations.

　　30) Sth. may be/bear/convey many meanings/values/hints to many/different people/things, but, in all senses/the broadest sense/a real sense, it is/means...A

　　31) To some people's mind/From some people's point of view/In the eye(s) o f some people, the matter in question is/seems/should be/means...But to others' mind/from others' point of view/in others' eyes, it is just/quite the other way around/contrary/opposite(或the opposite/reverse is the case/true.)

　　32) Whether the definition/interpretation of sth. is constant or mutable, however, depends on what backgrounds it is in. A

　　33) In view of the above-mentioned negative factors/disadvantage(s)/defects in A, people's second thought is to...

　　34) To counter/offset/counteract/cancel undesirable/side/ill effects/influence/results of A, B is put forward/proposed/advanced as another better course/ solution to...

　　35) In their efforts to battle against dark side/incongruous elements that… has brought along with, however, people come up with another approach/solution /course to...namely...

　　36) In contrast with the drawbacks/demerits/flaws of A, B can serve as a better step/move/advance in the right direction/to ward the solution for the problem of...

　　37) So when it comes to an effective remedy for/a good counter-balance to the problems/limits/faults/weaknesses in A, people naturally think of B.

　　38) But it has also brought along with it the negative effect/disadvantage /weakness that...

　　39) However, it is not without limits/problems/faults/defects, for example, ...

　　40) Like anything else, it also has its own dark side, as evidenced in...

　　41) For/Despite/In spite of the advantages/benefits/positive effects A has, it has suffered from/posed some disadvantages/harm/negative effects.

　　42) To attain this goal, however, we still have much work to do/many obstacles to remove.

　　43) Indeed, A is superior to/enjoys a distinct advantage over B in...,but it pales/proves inferior beside B/as compared with B in many aspects. (In the first place...In the second...In the third...) A

　　合

　　1) Only in this way/Only when.../Only through...will/can we...

　　或：It is only if/when...that we will...

　　2) As/So long as...we will be able to.../the problem is bound to...

　　3) For any place that.../For anyone who...there is every/no reason/chance to...

　　4) In short/brief/one word/sum, once we are on the way to..., the chance of achieving/making it will increase/grow greater/come to our advantage. A

　　5) The quotations/remarks from sb.(或The popular saying/maxim/proverb) “...” may be a better/sure cure/remedy for ...(或...sound/practical/sensible/well-weighted advice on how to...)

　　6) And worst of all/best of all, it has/will/would effect(ed) the most unfavorable/favorable change in...

　　7) As another severe shock (genuine comfort) to the people/society/As the most destructive/pushing effect on...(our life), it has permeated among the people/through our social soil/throughout the whole country(或has melted/penetrated into/been rooted in (the) Chinese soil (in the people's minds).A

　　8) As a(n) sensational/unexpected result of..., more and more people have come/got/begun to..A

　　9) To one's greatest astonishment/delight, sth. has affected...to the point of...

　　10) The most obvious/direct result/consequence it produces/brings about is...

　　11) With a constant/steady improvement in ...(或With the gradual worsening of...) sth. will...

　　12) In (the) course of time/In a long run (the long term), sth. is more likely/believed/bound/sure to...

　　13) In spite of the fact that...(或Although...), sth. will (not)...in our /one's assiduous/conscious/consistent efforts. A

　　14) In a word, there is every/little chance/probability/possibility that. ..in time to come. A

　　15) Anything (anyone) that (who)...will have to...

　　SECTION FOUR

　　解说句

　　1) Sth. is like/as...as/similar to/the same as/compared to/as if (though) ...

　　2) Sth. is/refers to/is nothing but...

　　3) Sth. is thought of/defined/valued/cherished/seen/esteemed as...

　　4) A does sth. just as B does sth. else.

　　5) Sth. means/signifies/stands for/is a symbol(matter/sign/token)of...

　　对比句

　　1) but, but on the contrary, but on the other hand, but then;

　　2) by contrast, in contrast, in contrast with/to, as a contrast to, as opposed to;

　　3)by contraries, on the contrary, to the contrary, contrary to (A), opposite to, in opposition to;

　　4) whereas, while, while on the other hand, while on the whole, yet, however;

　　5) (as) compared with/to, by comparison, in comparison with, by comparison to.

　　6) First..., Next..., Last...;

　　7) In the first/early/initial/infant period/stage/phase(或In its infancy) ..., In the second/middle/adult/ripe period/stage/phase..., In the third/last/closing/later/concluding period...;

　　8) One step (way/course/approach/secret/trick)..., Another step..., Still another step...;

　　9) The first measure/step/move..., Next to it comes..., And the last/final/the most important measure...;

　　10) The direct experience/lesson/factor/way(或One lesson)...The indirect experience/lesson/factor/way(或The other lesson)...

　　SECTION FIVE

　　一．问候

　　I haven’t heard from you for ages. How are you doing?

　　I haven’t seen you for such a long time. How are you getting along with your work?

　　二．祝贺

　　I want to congratulate you with all my heart.

　　I warmly congratulate you on what you’ve achieved.

　　三．致谢

　　I am most grateful to you for your help.

　　I want to thank you heartily for what you have done.

　　四．询问

　　I wonder if you could tell me what to do.

　　I’d be most grateful if I could have your full support.

　　Please could you let me know something about it.

　　五．邀请

　　Is there any chance of your coming to have dinner with us at our home?

　　We are wondering if you could come to have dinner with us at our home.

　　六．接受邀请

　　I’m delighted to accept your invitation.

　　Thanks for your invitation. I’m certainly looking forward to joining you.

　　七．拒绝邀请

　　I’m sincerely sorry that we can’t join your dinner party.

　　I regret to say “no” to your invitation.

　　Thank you for your invitation but unfortunately…

　　八．抱歉

　　I do apologize for having kept you waiting.

　　I’m awfully sorry for giving you so much trouble.

　　九．同情

　　I’m more than sorry to hear of your illness.

　　I can’t tell you how sad I felt when I heard of…

　　十．安慰

　　It was a great shock to hear…

　　I just can’t tell you how saddened I am…

　　I’m most grieved to learn of…

　　十一. 首句

　　I am happy to hear that…

　　Thank you for answering my letter so quickly.

　　十二. 尾句

　　With my best wishes …

　　Best wishes to you …

　　Please remember me to …

　　I do hope …

　　SECTION SIX

　　历年写作真题

　　1991年写作真题

　　Ⅵ.Writing (15 point)

　　DIRECTIONS:

　　A) Title: WHERE TO LIVE--IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?

　　B) Time limit: 40 minutes

　　C) Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

　　D) Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.

　　E) Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.

　　OUTLINE:

　　1. Conveniences of the city

　　2. Attractions of the country

　　3. Disadvantages of both

　　4. My preference

　　1992年写作真题

　　Ⅵ:Writing (15 points)

　　DIRECTIONS :

　　A) Title: FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN PARENT AND CHILD

　　B) Time limit: 40 minutes

　　C) Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not includtng the given opening sentence)

　　D) Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.

　　E) Your composition must be written clearly in the ANISWER SHEET.

　　OUTLINE:

　　1 . Present situation: Lack of communication between parent and child

　　2 . Possible reasons:

　　1 ) Different likes and dislikes

　　2 ) Misunderstanding

　　3) Others

　　3. Suggestions:

　　l) For parents

　　2) For children

　　1993年写作真题

　　Ⅵ .Writing ( 15 points)

　　DIRECTIONS :

　　A. Title: ADVERTISEMENT ON TV

　　B. Time limit:40 minutes

　　C. Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

　　D. Your composition should be based at the OUTLINE below and should start with the given

　　opening sentence: "Today more and more advertisement are seen on the TV screen. "

　　E. Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　OUTLINE :

　　l. Present state

　　2. Reasons

　　3 .My comments

　　1994年写作真题

　　Part V Writing (15 points)

　　DIRECTIONS:

　　A. Title: ON MAKING FRIENDS

　　B. TIME LIMIT : 40 minutes

　　C. Word limit : 120 - 150 words ( not including the given opening sentence)

　　D . Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the

　　given opening sentence : "As a human being , one can hardly do without a friend . "

　　E . Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET .

　　OUTLINE:

　　l. The need for friends

　　2 True friendship

　　3. My principle in making friends

　　1995年写作真题

　　Part Ⅴ Writing (15 points)

　　DIRECTIONS:

　　A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"

　　B. Time limit : 40 minutes

　　C. Word limit : 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

　　D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence : "Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country " .

　　E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　OUTLEVE:

　　1. Present situation

　　2. Necessity of the project

　　3. My suggestion

　　1996年写作真题

　　Part V Writing (15 points)

　　DIRECTIONS :

　　A. Title : GOOD HEALTH

　　B. Time limit :40 minutes

　　C. Word limit : 120-150 words ( not including the given opening sentence)

　　D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the

　　given opening sentence : "The desire for good health is universal. "

　　E. Your composition should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　OUTLINE:

　　1. Importance of good health

　　2. Ways to keep fit

　　3. My own practices

　　1997年写作真题

　　Part V Writing (15 points)

　　Directions:

　　A. Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 120.

　　B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　C. Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:

　　1. Interpret the following pictures.

　　2. Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reason.

　　1998年写作真题

　　Part V Writing (15 points)

　　Directions:

　　A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150words.

　　B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.

　　C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:

　　1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.

　　2. Give your comments

　　1999年写作真题

　　Part V Writing (15 points)

　　Directions:

　　A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words.

　　B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.

　　C. Your essay should cover these three points:

　　1. effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife

　　2 .possible reason for the effect

　　3. your suggestion for wildlife protection

　　2000年写作真题

　　A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write and essay of at least 150 words.

　　B. Your essay should meet the requirements below:

　　　1.Describe the pictures.

　　　2.Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures.

　　　3.Suggest counter-measures.

　　2001年写作真题

　　Part V Writing (20 points)

　　Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it. There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to

　　1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,

　　2) give a specific example, and

　　3) give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.

　　2002年写作真题

　　Part V Writing (20 points)

　　Directions:

　　Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled "Cultures

　　-National and International".

　　In the essay you should

　　1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and

　　2) give your comment on the phenomenon.

　　You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

　　An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）

　　2003年写作真题

　　Part IV Writing (20 points)

　　Directions: 1) describe the set of drawings, Interpret its meaning, and

　　2) point out its implications in our life.

　　2004年写作真题

　　Part IV Writing (20 points)

　　1) describe the drawing.

　　2) interpret its meaning, and.

　　3) support your view with examples.

　　You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)

　　2005年写作真题

　　SectionⅢ Writing

　　Part A

　　51. Directions:

　　Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.

　　Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

　　Part B

　　52. Directions:

　　Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.

　　You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

　　2006年写作真题

　　Section III writing

　　Part A

　　51 Directions:

　　You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area, write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out you plan. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2

　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.

　　Do not write the address. (10 points)

　　Part B

　　52 Directions: study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should:

　　1) describe the photos briefly

　　2) interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them ,and

　　3) give you point of view

　　You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2(20 points)

　　2002年文章比较

　　1. Cultures-National and International (18分)

　　This is a very interesting picture of a lovely American girl dressed in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face. She wears a pearl necklace, colorful ribbon, earrings, and other decorating things that are characteristic of the clothes of a Chinese minority nationality. It is obvious that as a result of our open-door policy, more and more foreigners visit China and become interested in our national culture, which is making it go international.

　　There is no reason to make a fuss about this phenomenon. With the rapid development of technology and economy, the world is becoming smaller and smaller, and international cultural exchanges have become more and more frequent, which is inevitably improving our mutual understanding and friendship with other countries.

　　As Chinese citizens, we should respect our own national culture and learn useful things from the cultures of different nations, which will enable us to make great progress in many ways. I believe a happy and bright future is awaiting us if we make every effort to promote cultural development both nationally and internationally.

　　2. Cultures-National and International (13分)

　　As is shown in this picture, we can see clearly that a charming American girl who is in traditional Chinese costume is smiling to us. The purpose of this picture is that with the development of globalization, great changes have taken place in the world, and one nation’s culture has been accepted by the people from another culture.

　　Why does this phenomenon appear? I think there are several reasons as follows. First, with policy of opening the door to the outside world being well implemented in China, a large number of people from other countries like to visit China and become interested in traditional Chinese culture. Second, due to the easy and fast communications, the distance between various nations has been shortened, and people can get in touch with each other easily. Therefore, cultures from various nations can be exchanged and different cultures can merge together quickly.

　　In my opinion, people from different countries should learn and share different cultures. Each culture has its own advantages which might be beneficial to another culture. Besides, there is a trend that globalization is going to be accepted in the whole world. Therefore national cultures should gradually become international.

　　3.Cultures National and International (10分)

　　As seen from the above picture, an American girl in traditional Chinese costume is smiling to us with friendly looking. There are a lot of bright and beautiful accessories on her body. She dresses in Chinese costume, which is a symbol on behalf of the minority people in our country. From the picture we can draw a conclusion that cultures are national and international, and no limit between different countries. Even if growing up in various countries, we have still the same interests in cultures, not only in America, but also other countries.

　　In my view, it is no exaggeration to say that cultures are the most important factor, which can make the mankind progress and benefit a great deal from the communication in cultures, other than economic development. I am of the opinion that, in reaction to the phenomenon of cultures tending to be national and international, China should hold the key to success in the 21St century both in economy and cultures. We are required by the world people to open our cultures. Only in this situation can China act in cultures as an important role in the world stage. Of course, faced with the entry in foreign cultures, we must take steps to keep up the alertness against bad minds. My argument to the point is that we can’t throw the baby away with the bath water.

　　4. Cultures-National and International (8分)

　　From this picture we can see an American girl who was wearing a Chinese costume. This girl may be a foreign student or a traveller. She seems to like this costume very much. This picture shows a common phenomenon in China even in the whole world. The phenomenon is that the culture becomes international. The phenomenon is not only in China but also in many other countries. Many people begin to go to many different countries and learn different national cultures.

　　As far as I am concerned, I think this phenomenon is good to us. Firstly, we can earn some good cultures from other countries, and also can make our good culture confront the world. The international trend of culture can promote our cultures proceed. Secondly. the cultures become international, which can make more people know our country’. So many people will come to our country to have a jurnal. That can rise our travel economy income. Finally, if the culture becomes international it an contact the people of whole world. That will make the world better.

　　In a word, the phenomenon of the culture-international can benefit to us. That is a good phenomenon.

　　5. Cultures-National and International (5分)

　　From the picture, we can see that a beautiful American girl is in traditional Chinese costume is smiling, as if she was asking us “Am I like Chinese” and speaking I wish Chinese people happy like me.” Which shows that with the wide pace of globalization, cultures differences are shrinking.

　　In the past, we are stranged to see a person in other countries’ costume while now we are very familiar with this. The result is brought up by the shrinkage of cultures differences between national and international. With the development of economy, people in all over the world interact deeply. So cultures differences is also shrinking slowly, which attributes to improve the friendship of world people, which helps build a peaceful and stable international environment.

　　In my opinion, I agree with the interaction of cultures --- national and international, I wish I could see many foreign people in traditional Chinese costume.

　　SECTION SEVEN

　　历年翻译真题

　　1994

　　According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 72) "In short", a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions." 73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to. and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo's role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. 74) Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.

　　Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. 75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

　　1995

　　The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.

　　All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades research productive, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.

　　Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kids of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kinds of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

　　74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things, they do not do. 75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

　　1996

　　The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

　　This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good" as opposed to "bad" science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to newstandards of elegance.

　　1997

　　Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

　　On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people —— for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says "I don't like this contract"?

　　The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset; it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

　　This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?

　　Many deny it 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake —— a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.

　　This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely "logical". In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning —— the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl —— is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

　　1998

　　They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite — Cobe — had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy.)

　　72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventully, even humans.

　　Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. 73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.

　　74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.

　　Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

　　1999

　　71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.

　　72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

　　Methodolgy is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method," frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy." Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

　　2000

　　Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.

　　73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past, For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization — with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed

　　— was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social tresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements — themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.

　　2001

　　In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.

　　71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.

　　According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.

　　73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.

　　Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.

　　Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. "By linking directly to our nervous system, computer could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck," he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: "It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."

　　Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder —— kitchen rage.

　　2002

　　Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recongnized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values". Who use a technology and to what ends? 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

　　2003

　　Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. (61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.

　　"Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind. Anthropology is one of social sciences. (62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

　　Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.

　　All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. (63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

　　Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. (64) Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned. shared, and patterned behavior.

　　(65) Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

　　2004

　　The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe longbefore people realized how diverse languages could be.

　　Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from "exotic" language, were not always so grateful. (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.

　　Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported thenotion of linguistic determinism.

　　2005

　　It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe .The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.

　　Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete complete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

　　Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.

　　(49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.

　　In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank will handle the finances necessary for production costs. (50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.

　　2006

　　Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not American, who have become anti-intellectual.

　　First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

　　This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals----the average scientist for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties--- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.

　　The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. “Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts”, as Emersion would say, “is something else.”

　　SECTION EIGHT

　　1.路

　　way road path route street avenue

　　2.时代/时期

　　period time(s) epoch era age

　　3.服装

　　clothing clothes dresses suits garment costume coat overcoat

　　4.哭

　　cry weep sob snivel blubber whine bawl wail moan grown

　　5.美丽

　　good-looking beautiful handsome pretty lovely fair gorgeous

　　6.生气气愤

　　anger indignation rage fury

　　7.错误

　　mistake fault error defect

　　8.图表

　　picture painting drawing sketch diagram graph illustration draft plan chart

　　9.特别

　　special especial particular peculiar

　　10.取消

　　cancel abolish eliminate repeal exterminate

　　11.环境

　　conditions situation environment circumstance(s) surrounding(s)

　　12.著名的

　　well-known famous distinguished renowned notorious（贬）

　　13.事情

　　thing event fact subject matter business affair incident occurrence

　　14.特点

　　quality characteristic character nature attribute peculiarity feature trait personality

　　15.增加

　　increase enlarge magnify amplify expand extend

　　16.笑

　　smile laugh grin chuckle giggle snicker simper smirk titter guffaw roar taunt mock jeer joke

　　17.工作

　　work job profession occupation vocation position

　　18.表明

　　mean show suggest implicit claim indicate imply denote suggest symbolize

　　19获得

　　get obtain gain seizure acquire attain procure

　　20.成功

　　achievement accomplishment feat exploit

　　SECTION NINE

　　A blind man who leans against a wall imagines that it's the boundary of the world. 坐井观天。

　　Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

　　Adversity is a good discipline. 苦难是磨练人的好机会。

　　Adversity successfully overcome is the highest glory. 成功地克服困难是最大的光荣。

　　A friend is never known till a man have need. 不到患难时，永远不能认识真正的朋友。

　　A good book is a light to the soul. 好书一本，照亮心灵。

　　A life without a friend is a life without a sun. 人生在世无朋友，犹如生活无太阳。

　　All time is no time when it is past. 光阴一去不复返。

　　A man can do no more than he can. 凡事只能量力而行。

　　An idle youth, a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

　　Be slow to promise and quick to perform. 不轻诺，诺必果。

　　By falling we learn to go safely. 吃一堑，长一智。

　　Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋，带来好运气。

　　Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。

　　Each man is the architect of his own fate. 命运掌握在自己手中。

　　Every man is the son of his own works. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

　　Every medal has its reverse. 事物都有它的反面。

　　Extremes are dangerous. 物极必反。

　　Feed by measure and defy physician. 饮食有节制，医生无用处。

　　From a little spark may burst a mighty flame. 星星之火可以燎原。

　　Good to begin well, better to end well. 善始好，善终更好。

　　Health and cheerfulness mutually beget each other. 健康愉快，相生相成。

　　Health is above wealth. 健康胜于财富。

　　Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 作最好的希望，作最坏的打算。

　　Idleness is the rust of the mind. 懒惰使脑子生锈。

　　Imagination is more important than knowledge. 想像力比知识更重要。

　　In prosperity think of adversity. 居安思危。

　　Jack of all trades and master of none. 什么都会，样样不精。

　　Justice has long arms. 天网恢恢，疏而不漏。

　　Keep good men company, and you shall be of the number. 近朱者赤。

　　Learning is wealth to the poor, an honour to the rich, an aid to the young, and a support and comfort to the aged. 学问是穷人的财富，是富人的荣誉，是青年的帮助，是老年的支持和安慰。

　　Learn to walk before you run. 循序渐进。

　　Life is compared to voyage. 人生好比是航海。

　　Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活没有目标，犹如航海没有罗盘。

　　Make all you can, save all you can, give all you can. 尽力而为，尽力节约，尽力施舍。

　　Money doesn't grow on trees. 钱不是从天上掉下来的。

　　Music washes away from the soul the dust of everyday life. 音乐可洗去灵魂中日常生活所沾染的污垢。

　　Nature, time, and patience are the three great physicians. 自然，时间和耐心，是三大伟大的医生。

　　No rose without a thorn. 玫瑰都有刺。

　　Nothing is really beautiful but truth. 只有真理才是真美。

　　Of two evils choose the least. 权衡两害，取其轻者。

　　On earth there is nothing great but man, in man there is nothing great but mind.

　　在世界上没有一件东西有如人那样伟大，在人之内没有一件东西有如人心那么伟大。

　　One cannot eat one's cake and have it. 事难两全其美。

　　One rotten apple spoils the whole barrel. 一只烂苹果烂一萝苹果。

　　Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet. 忍耐是苦痛的，但它的果实是甜蜜的。

　　Patience, time, and money overcome everything. 耐心，时间和金钱可以征服一切。

　　People do not lack strength; they lack will. 人们不缺力量，缺的是决心。

　　Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

　　Real knowledge, like everything else of value, is not to be obtained easily, it must be worked for, studied for, thought for, and more than all, must be prayed for.

　　真正的学问，像其他一切有价值的东西一样，是不容易得到的，必须学习、钻研、思考，最重要的是必须有迫切的要求。

　　Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve. 应该做的决心做，决心做的务必做。

　　Science is organized knowledge. 科学是系统化的知识。

　　Self-distrust is the cause of most of our failure. 我们的失败多数是由于缺乏自信。

　　Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control, these three alone lead life to sovereign power.

　　只要自重、自觉、自制，人生就可达到至高无上的境地。

　　Sincerity, a deep genuine, heart-felt sincerity, is a trait of true and noble manhood.

　　真诚－－深刻真挚发自内心的真诚，是真正高尚的人性的一种品质。

　　Some of the best lessons we ever learn from our mistakes and failures. The error of the past is the wisdom and success of the future.

　　从过错和失败中，我们取得了一些有益的教训。过去的错误是未来的智慧和成功。

　　Success belongs to the persevering. 坚持到底必获胜利。坚持就是胜利。

　　Success grows out of struggles to overcome difficulties. 成功来自于克服困难的斗争。

　　That teacher helps his pupils most who most helps them to help themselves.

　　教师尽力帮助学生独立工作是给学生最大的帮助。

　　The greatest friend of truth is time, her greatest enemy is prejudice, and her constant companion is humility.

　　真理最伟大的朋友是时间，最大的敌人是偏见，她永恒的伴侣是谦逊。

　　The greatest pleasure of life is love. 爱是人生最大的乐趣。

　　The secret of success in life is for a man to be ready for his opportunity when it comes.

　　人生一生中成功的秘诀是在机会来临时要及时抓住。

　　Thinking well is wise; planning well, wiser; doing well, wisest and best of all.

　　想得好，聪明；筹划得好，更聪明；做得好，最聪明最好。

　　Time works wonders. 时间可以创造奇迹。

　　Time works great changes. 时间能产生巨大的变化。

　　To preserve a friend three things are required: to honour him present, praise him absent, and assist him in his necessities.

　　维持友谊需要三点∶当面尊重他，背后赞扬他，需要时帮助他。

　　Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses. 浪费时间是一切花费中最奢侈豪华的费用。

　　Without hope, the heart would break. 如无希望，心就破碎。

　　Woe to him that is alone. 孤独的人最苦恼。

　　Write it on your heart every day is the best day of the year. 要记住，每天是一年中最好的一天。

　　Yesterday will not be called again. 光阴一去不复返。

　　Youth is life's seed-time. 青年时代是人生的播种期。

　　Youth is the season of hope, enterprise, and energy, to a nation as well as an individual.

　　青年时期对国家和个人都是希望、创业和精力充沛的时期。

　　Youth means limitless possibilities. 年轻意味着无限希望。

　　SECTION TEN

　　第二部分：新题型

　　Sample One

　　Directions:

　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　 Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41) _______________.

　　 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.

　　 42) ____________________. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.

　　 43) ____________________. There are also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

　　 44 ____________________. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

　　 45 ____________________.

　　About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

　　 [A] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

　　 [B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.

　　 [C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.

　　 [D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.

　　 [E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea lilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the seabed, or to rocks.

　　 [F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

　　 [G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

　　2005

　　Directions:In the following text, some sentences have removed. For Questions 41-45, choosethe most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into of the numbered blank thereare two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)

　　Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health-care costs.

　　They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.

　　41.

　　What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care-to say nothing of reports from other experts recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs , bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources ,work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.

　　42.

　　　But “national” doesn't have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial-provinces combining efforts to create one body.

　　　Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province-or a series of hospitals within a province-negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.

　　Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.

　　43.

　　A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included, predictably and regrettably Quebec refused to join.

　　A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a nationalist hasn't gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.

　　44.

　　Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money perhaps they should read what he had to say a bout drugs.

　　“A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”

　　45.

　　　So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.

　　A. Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!

　　B. Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report:“the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies”

　　C. What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.

　　D. The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.

　　E. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information. prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.

　　F. So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.

　　G. Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its, list the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

　　2006

　　On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.

　　He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine. (41)______________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.

　　In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gamblers. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a” cease admissions” letter noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety have to his safety or well-being. (42) ______________.

　　The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun ... and always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling”, intentionally worked to ”love” him to “engage in conduct against his will” well. (43) ______________.

　　The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of taking risks in quest of a windfall, (44) ______________.Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities. (45) ______________.

　　Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on --you might say --addicted to--revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of NEWSWEEK reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business.

　　(A). Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.

　　(B). It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?

　　(C). By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.

　　(D). Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.

　　(E). David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.

　　(F). It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

　　(G). The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?

　　Text1

　　One of the most important steps toward increasing the productivity of the poor is to make sure that they have access to educational opportunities that are at least as good as those available to the rest of the society. In fact we may very well want more educational attention directed toward them than to the children of the well-to-do, in order to overcome the social and psychological handicaps that may confront them. 1) _______________________________.

　　Educational programs will not produce instant results. Neither will they increase the productivity and incomes of all the poor. Nevertheless, they constitute one of the great equalizers in our society.

　　2) _______________________________. Unemployed persons or persons in relatively low-wage occupations and areas often do not know where better opportunities exist. Frequently, those in the areas where unemployment is low and wages are high are reluctant to publish this information for fear that an influx of labor will "spoil" what they have.

　　3) _______________________________. Examples include blacks breaking into positions where they may be supervising whites, and practicing professions--medicine, dentistry, accounting, law, etc.-- in which their clients may be white. Occupational and professional mobility of groups that have traditionally been discriminated against was greatly enhanced by opening previously segregated schools at all levels to students of all groups.

　　4) _______________________________. Some people are too old and some are too young to take advantage of them. Some are not healthy enough in either mind or body. Some may be victims of structural problems in the society. Any comprehensive or reasonably complete antipoverty program must include direct income transfers to those whose productivities cannot be increased sufficiently to enable them to earn minimum acceptable income levels.

　　5) _______________________________.

　　A very large part of present government income transfers is toward the aged through Social Security payments and Medicare. What could be more humane than taking care of the old? The fact is that many of the elderly people in our society are perfectly capable of supporting themselves, including the costs of their medical care. But Social Security payments and Medicare payments are made to them anyway, whether they are poor or not.

　　[A] A great problem with using government transfers of income to alleviate poverty is that they are used to subsidize the nonpoor as well as the poor. This occurs largely because special interest groups manage to worm their way into the ranks of those eligible for subsidization, and politicians have a way of catering to the voting powers of special interest groups.

　　[B] As a consequence of such dissatisfaction, considerable support has developed for direct income transfers in the form of negative income taxes

　　[C] Even under the best of circumstances, policies designed to increase the incomes of the poor cannot eliminate all poverty.

　　[D] In addition, vocational education and retraining programs may be useful in increasing the productivity of the adult poor.

　　[E] There are additional ways of increasing the productivity of the poor. Hopefully, anti discrimination measures contribute toward this end, enabling qualified persons to break into professions or occupations that were closed to them by discriminatory practices.

　　[F] Subsidies to farmers are much more generous to skilled, highly productive, and high income farmers than they are to the farming poor. But both veterans and farmers are highly visible, politically powerful groups.

　　[G] Another important measure in increasing the productivity of the poor is the improvement of labor market information.

　　Text2

　　Patents, trademarks, and copyrights all impart monopoly rights on inventions, business identities, and intellectual property. 1) _______________________________.

　　Inventions like the telephone and the electric light have revolutionized our lives and have brought riches to their inventors. Today immense expenditures are being poured into genetic research, research on faster microchips that can access larger computer memories, and research into more attractive consumer products. Both public and private research and development expenditures in 1985 were over $100 billion, and over a million scientists and engineers were employed.

　　2) _______________________________. Hundreds of countries were checked to ensure that the name was not previously trademarked and would not connote anything offensive to consumers. Then hundreds of millions of dollars were spent helping the public remember the new trademark. Firms like Gucci, Cartier, and Chanel invest heavily in their trade names. Chanel, for example, spends over $1 million a year on trade-name security alone.

　　3) _______________________________. Software developers have formed an organization to fight unauthorized duplication, and record producers use ASCAP and BMI to pressure businesses to license music for commercial purposes. ASCAP and BMI send people into businesses to see if they play background music to entertain customers. If, for example, a radio is playing, they will ask the owner to purchase a license to play the radio in the store. If the owner refuses, the agent for ASCAP or BMI will immediately retain an attorney and file a lawsuit. The law is clear--playing music for commercial purposes without a license is unlawful unless you own the copyright to the music itself. ASCAP and BMI then prorate their proceeds to the copyright homers of the music being played.

　　4) _______________________________.

　　5) _______________________________. However, businesses are hesitant to admit that their product line has been reproduced. Many fear that publicity may encourage further copying or that their customers will become wary of their brand names. In any event, counterfeiting substantially weakens the monopoly power associated with many patents, trademarks, and copyrights.

　　[A] Trademarks are another device conveying monopoly power to firms. Several million dollars were spent developing the EXXON name.

　　[B] Copyrights protect intellectual property in a number of areas including books, records, video tapes, and computer software, as well as product designs.

　　[C] Today, counterfeit goods are threatening all these forms of monopoly power. Numerous products are counterfeited. The imitations are typically of inferior quality. Replicas of aircraft parts and bogus "high-strength" fasteners are showing up in civilian and military aircraft. The U.S. Department of Commerce estimates that over three-quarters of a million jobs are lost to imported product "knock-offs", the industry's term for counterfeited goods.

　　[D] Interestingly, secrecy is the order of the day on both sides of this problem. For those counterfeiting products, the reason is clear.

　　[E] Obtaining these rights is a costly endeavor.

　　[F] Licensing and bonding restrictions, ostensibly used to protect consumers from shoddy or fraudulent practices, may really be disguised barriers to entry.

　　[G] Other important legal barriers to entry included patents and copyrights. Patent and copyright monopolies may be justifiable as incentives for research and development leading to technological advances or the enrichment of our culture.

　　Sample Two

　　Directions:

　　The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)

　　[A] “I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We're in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It's hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn't－ it's boring, routine paperwork, and there isn't much you can do about it.

　　[B] “Finally, I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge an the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it's not true. if their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the fore a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.

　　[C] "I've got real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in ears or on a heat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people nut at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.

　　[D]"Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that's not fair-too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn't necessarily mean you'll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.

　　[E] The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately .This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.

　　[F]“So I just don’t know what to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problems of mine and help me out in my future work..”

　　[G]A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators , managers and/or executives of various department throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation---how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.

　　Order:

　　G——41. ——42. ——43. —— 44. ——45. ——F

　　Sample Three

　　Directions:

　　You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview . There are two kinds . One in the familiar “tombstone” that lists where you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional” resume——descriptive, fun to read , unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.

　　It’s handy to have a “tombstone” for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those un-requested “tombstone” lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.

　　What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.

　　(41) Put yourself first

　　In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm , you have to feel important about yourself.

　　(42) Sell what you can do ,not who you are :

　　Practice translating your personality traits . character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas . There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work .

　　Toot your own born!

　　Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch—if only you show it.

　　(43) Be specific , be concrete , and be brief!

　　Remember that “brevity is the best policy,”

　　(44) Turn bad news into good:

　　Everybody has bad disappointments in work.. If you habe to mention yours , look for the positive side.

　　(45) Never apologize:

　　If you’re returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent , simply write a short paragraph(summary of background) in place of a chronology of experience . Don’t apologize for working at being a mother ; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education.

　　The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself .Take four or five hours off, nit necessarily consecutive , and simply write down every accomplishment in your life , on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns . As you study your list , you will cone closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns ,give names to your cluster of accomplishments(leadership skills ,budget management skills, child development skills etc.) Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered . It may take four drafts or more ,and several weeks ,before you’re ready to show it to a stranger (friends are usually too kind) for a reaction . When you’re satisfied . send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that regard job hunting as serious work, work doing right.

　　Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for you?

　　[A] A woman who lost her job as a teacher’s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote : “Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher’s aide she would rehire if government funds became available”

　　[B] One resume I received included the following : “Invited by my superior to straighten out our organization’s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule , reconciled accounts weekly , and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.” Notice how this woman focuses on results , specifies how she accomplished them , and mention her reward—all in 34 words.

　　[C] For example , if you have a flair for saving , managing and investing money . you have money management skills.

　　[D] An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement “Ready to learn through not so well educated”

　　[E] One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote three resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred .The result is , of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.

　　[F] A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced .She’d agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved .Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvellous story wasn’t in her resume . She answered , “It wasn’t important.” What she was really saying of course was “I’m not important ”

　　Sample Four

　　Directions:

　　You are going to read a list of heading and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (4~5). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　[ A ] What to do as a student?

　　[ B ] Various definitions of plagiarism

　　[ C ] Ideas should always be sourced

　　[ D ] Ignorance can be forgiven

　　[ E ] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft

　　[ F ] The consequences of plagiarism

　　Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person's ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one's ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as one’s own of the idea, or the expression of ideas of another.”

　　41.

　　The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment many range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writes are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws requires writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.

　　42.

　　Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholar’s ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.

　　43.

　　Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.

　　44.

　　Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography – are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although “there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,” the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.

　　45.

　　The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and languages of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.

　　The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume the responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.

　　第三部分：词汇

　　SECTION ONE

　　并列关系 and, and also, or, neither… nor…, either …or…, not only…but also…as well, similarly, likewise, in the same way, that is to say.

　　递进关系 moreover, What is more, furthermore, then, besides, in addition, additionally

　　因果关系 because, for, since, as, hence thus, so, consequently

　　转折关系 but, however, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately

　　让步关系 although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, no matter …

　　条件关系 if, only if, if only

　　for, on, with, by, in, of, upon , against , at, about, from, to, out, off, beyond, into, above, without, through, towards, over

　　lead come turn get go bring make set hold call take catch

　　SECTION TWO

　　a great/good of　大量(的),许多(的)

　　a matter of　 (关于…的)问题;大约

　　above all　首要,尤其

　　account for　说明(原因等)

　　add up to　合计,总计

　　after a while　过了一会,不久

　　ahead of　在…前面,先于

　　ahead of schedule　提前

　　ahead of time　提前

　　all at once　突然,同时,一起

　　all but　几乎,差一点;除…之外其余都

　　all of a sudden　突然

　　all the same　仍然,照样的

　　all the time　一直,始终

　　allow for　考虑到

　　along with　与…一起

　　and so on/forth　等等

　　and yet　可是,然而

　　anything but　除…以外任何事(物),根本不

　　apart from　除去

　　around/round the clock　昼夜不停的

　　arrive at　达成,得出

　　as a matter of fact　其实,事实上

　　as a rule　通常,照例

　　as far as/so far as　原至,到…程度

　　as for　至于,就…方面说

　　as good as　和…几乎一样,实际上等于

　　as if　好像,仿佛

　　as long as/so long as　只要,如果

　　as regards　关于,至于

　　as though　好像

　　as though　好像,仿佛

　　as to　至于,关于

　　as well　也,又

　　as well as　既…又,除…之外(还)

　　as yet　到目前为止,到那时为止

　　as/so far as…be concerned　就…来说

　　aside from　除…以外

　　ask after　询问,问候

　　at (the) best　充其量,至多

　　at (the) worst　在最坏的情况下

　　at a loss　困惑,不知所措

　　at a time　每次,一次

　　at all　完全,根本

　　at all costs　不惜任何代价,无论如何

　　at all events　无论如何

　　at any rate　无论如何,至少

　　at first sight　乍一看,初看起来

　　at full tilt　全速的,全力的

　　at hand　在手边,在附近,即将到来

　　at heart　在内心,实质上

　　at home　在家,在国内;自在,自如

　　at intervals 不时,时时

　　at large　一般,大体上

　　at last　最终,终于

　　at least　至少，最低限度

　　at leisure　从容的，有空

　　at length　终于,最后;详细的

　　at most /at the most　最多,至多,不超过

　　at no time　从不,决不

　　at odor (with)　 (与)…不一致;差异,争执

　　at one time　同时,曾经,从前曾

　　at present　目前,现在

　　at random　随机的,任意的

　　at stake　在危险中,厉害攸关

　　at the cost of　以…为代价

　　at the mercy of　在…支配下

　　at the moment　现在,此刻

　　at the same time　但是,然而

　　at times　有时

　　at work　在工作,忙于

　　avail (oneself) of　利用

　　back and forth　来回,往返,来来往往的

　　back down/off　放弃,让步,退却

　　back of　在…后部,在…背部

　　back up　支持,援助;倒退,后退

　　be absorbed in　专心于

　　be accustomed to　习惯于

　　be bound to　必定,一定

　　be concerned with　关心,挂念,从事于

　　be fed up (with)　感到厌烦

　　be friends with　对…友好,与…交上朋友

　　be made up of　由…构成,由…组成

　　be on a diet　节食

　　bear/keep in mind　记住

　　before long　不久以后

　　behind schedule　晚点

　　break away (from)　脱离,逃跑

　　break down　损坏,分解,瓦解

　　break in　强行进入,闯入;打断,插嘴

　　break into　闯入

　　break off　断绝,结束

　　break out　突然发生,爆发;(of)逃出

　　break through　突破

　　break up　终止,结束;打碎,拆散

　　bring about　带来,造成

　　bring down　打倒,挫伤;降低

　　bring forth　产生,提出

　　bring forward　提出

　　bring out　使出现,使显明;公布,出版

　　bring to　使恢复知觉

　　bring up　教育,培养,使成长

　　bring/put…into practice　实施,实行

　　build up　积累,堵塞;树立,逐步建立;增进,锻炼

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